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OBJECTIVE To construct the evaluation index system for scientific research ability of hospital pharmacists， and provide reference for the improvement of hospital pharmacists’ scientific research ability and the formulation of relevant scientific research policies. METHODS The relevant indexes of scientific research evaluation of hospital pharmacists were extracted by literature analysis， and consultation questionnaire was designed according to Likert grade 5 scoring method. Delphi method was used to conduct two rounds of questionnaire consultation for 28 experts， and the weight of each index was determined by analytic hierarchy process. The reliability and validity of index system were analyzed by questionnaire survey. RESULTS After two rounds of expert correspondence， evaluation index system for scientific research ability of hospital pharmacists was finally determined from three core dimensions： basic scientific research ability， scientific research achievements and transformation ability， academic influence and personnel training （including 11 sub-dimensions and 34 measurement items）. The weight value of each dimension index was determined. The result of reliability and validity analysis confirmed the scientific rationality of the index system. CONCLUSIONS The established evaluation index system for scientific research ability of hospital pharmacists is innovative， comprehensive and scientific. The index system model can provide reference for the improvement of hospital pharmacists’ scientific research ability and the formulation of relevant scientific research policies.
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OBJECTIVE To provi de reference for scholars to carry out the research on the competency of pharmacists in pharmaceutical care and the human resource management of hospital pharmaceutical personnel. METHODS The questionnaire was designed with Pharmacist Pharmaceutical Service Competency Evaluation Standard （Trial）as the competency evaluation indexes. The convenient sampling method was used to investigate the pharmaceutical technicians from two third-class grade A hospitals in Harbin. Exploratory factor analysis was used to judge whether each dimension and item of competency index system needed to be adjusted；the final weight of each evaluation index was calculated by analytic hierarchy process ；fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to evaluate the competency of pharmacists in pharmaceutical care. RESULTS Totally 152 questionnaires were collected and 142 valid questionnaires were collected ，with an effective recovery rate of 93.42％. In this study ，women accounted for 76.8％，those aged 40 and below accounted for 60.6％，those with bachelor ’s degree and above accounted for 84.5％，those with intermediate professional title accounted for 45.1％，and those with 10 years of work or below accounted for 60.6％. Four common factors were extracted in exploratory factor analysis ，and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 78.841％，which were named knowledge and skills ，motivation，personal literacy and professional ethics. The average score of the pharmacist ’s pharmaceutical care competency was （5.884±0.810），and the development of various dimensions of competency was not balance ； honesty and trustworthiness ，conscientiousness and responsibility and dedication scored higher ，while the scores of statistical knowledge，foreign language knowledge and drug treatment evaluation ability were lower. According to the evaluation method of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation ，the final comprehensive evaluation result was “consistent”. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation indexes of pharmacist competency have good reliability and validity in the competency evaluation of pharmacists in medical institutions. At the same time ，the basic knowledge of 32 hospital pharmacists and their ability to participate in clinical rational drug use need to be further improved.
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OBJECTIVE To provide reference and ideas for optimizing the continuing education system of pharmacists in China. METHODS By introducing the continuing professional development （CPD）model of pharmacists in Japan ，the current situation and existing problems for continuing education of pharmacists in China were analyzed to puts forward some suggestions. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The continuing education system of CPD model for pharmacists in Japan included five continuous cycle processes ：self-assessment，making plan ，implementing plan ，learning record and result evaluation. It emphasized the autonomy and sustainability of pharmacists ’learning and promoted the sustainable development of pharmacists ’career. The education and training of pharmacists in Japan were subject to the certification system ，and a diversified implementation organization composed of industry associations ，colleges and universities and commercial education institutions had been formed. After continuous reform ，Japan had established a relatively mature and perfect sustainable career development model for pharmacists. Our country can refer to the CPD model of Japanese pharmacists ，promote the legislation of pharmacists ，explore the unified management model （the unity of hospital pharmacists and licensed pharmacists ），explore the construction of pharmacists ’ continuing education certification mechanism ，carry out refined continuing education for pharmacists in different practice fields ， improve the enthusiasm of industry associations ，and add practical content to pharmacists ’continuing education projects.
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The conventional crushing method for administration of drugs to patients with feeding tubes has been commonly used at the Hyogo College of Medicine College Hospital. Compared with this conventional method, the simple suspension method can reduce drug degradation due to light and moisture absorption as well as avoid drug loss and contamination. We conducted a workshop to introduce this method to pharmacists. We asked the participants to fill a questionnaire-based survey both before and after the workshop to determine the effects of the workshop on the change in the degree of awareness among participants about these methods. The awareness of participants about the simple suspension method was approximately 80% before the workshop. Approximately 60% of participants answered that they had questions about simple suspension method from individuals from other occupations, suggesting a high awareness of this method. After the workshop, approximately 98% of participants answered that they were “satisfied” or “slightly satisfied,” suggesting that they were in favor of introducing the suspension method. The results of text mining indicated a requirement for participants to consider incompatibilities and to educate the nursing department. Participants who actively considered the proposal of simple suspension method had an altered perception toward the introduction and utilization of this method. Therefore, this survey suggested that workshops could alter the perception and behavior of pharmacists about the methods of drug administration via feeding tube.
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OBJECTIVE：To provide evidence for promoting the scientific resea rch ability and talent team construction of hospital pharmacists. METHODS ：From Dec. 2019 to Apr. 2020，“Survey Form for Scientific Research Ability of Hospital Pharmacists”were issued to pharmacists in 62 medical institutions from 20 provinces across the country. The questionnaire was mainly based on five aspects ，i.e. general information of surveyed pharmacists ，the number of internal/external funds and patents approved in recent five years （2015-2019），the number of papers published in domestic/abroad/SCI journals ，the familiarity with scientific research projects ，the difficulties in carrying out scientific research. The collected data were summarized and analyzed with R 4.0.3 software. RESULTS ：A total of 300 questionnaires were sent out ，and 288 valid questionnaires were collected with effective recovery rate of 96％. Among surveyed pharmacists ，94 were male and 194 were female. The majority of them were 31-39 years old （52.78％）；56.25％，28.12％ and 15.63％ of them had bachelor ’s degree ，master’s degree and doctor ’s degree respectively，and 156（54.17％）had intermediate title. Totally 74.66％ of hospital pharmacists thought it was very necessary or necessary to carry out research projects （involving all doctors ，26 masters and 4 bachelors）. There were significant differences among pharmacists with different educational background in respects of the number of applications for internal and external funds and patents ，as well as the number of papers published in domestic/foreign/SCI journals ，and most of them were doctors （P＜ 0.05）. In recent five years ，most of hospital pharmacists had published 1-3 papers in domestic journals ，accounting for 44.80％， while 27.08％ had published papers in SCI journals. Totally 51.39％ of hospital pharmacists were not familiar or not very familiar with scientific research projects funding （most of them had bachelor ’s degree ）；52.43％ expressed that experimental conditions were the biggest difficulty in conducting scientific research. CONCLUSIONS：This survey shows that hospital pharmacists have a relatively positive attitude towards scientific researchprojects. Most of papers are published in domestic journals. 8804919。E-mail：songjc1234@126.com However， there are still many shortcomings in scientific research status. Scientific research capabilities need to be improved. Experimental conditions also limit the scientific research projects to a certain extent. Hospitals need to strengthen funding for pharmacist research projects ，strengthen academic exchanges ， so that pharmacists can understand scientific research projects more comprehensively and systematically.
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Objective: The number of pharmacists regularly working at geriatric health service facilities is limited, but many users of such facilities have multiple chronic conditions and receive continuous pharmacotherapy, simultaneously using numerous different types of oral drugs. We examined the outcomes of pharmacotherapeutic intervention provided by hospital pharmacists for geriatric health service facility users.Methods: We examinedthe outcomes of active pharmacotherapeutic intervention providedby hospital pharmacists for 154 facility users.Results: After the intervention, there were significant decreases in the mean number of types and price of drugs used, as they decreased from 7.38 to 6.17 and 368.3 to 309.2 yen/day, respectively. The number of prescription drugs changed was 300, and 206 of these changes were proposedby the pharmacists. The efficacy-basedcategories that these drugs belongedto widely ranged. The most frequent reasons for change were the “disappearance of symptoms”, “based on indications”, and “suspected adverse events”. Adverse events variedfrom mildto those that may leadto severe conditions.Conclusion: Pharmacotherapeutic interventions by pharmacists may optimize pharmacotherapy, reduce polypharmacy, and reduce the financial burden on geriatric health service facilities.
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Objective: In this study, we aimed to develop a new system that can centrally manage and share drug information, and also evaluated its usefulness.Methods: Using PHP v5.3.3 as the programming language and MySQL v5.1.73 as the database, we built a web application that constantly runs on the server. Various drug information was registered in this system, and its usage status was analyzed based on the access log.Results: The system was accessed 31,678 times during the survey period (October 1 to December 31, 2019). The information sought included: basic drug information (ordering category of drugs, dosage forms and strengths, drug price, etc.) (13,962 times, 44.1%),question and answer records (7,221 times, 22.8%), pharmaceutical documents (package inserts, interview forms, documents regarding compatibility of injections, etc.) (7,172 times, 22.6%), notifications regarding new and discontinued drugs (727 times, 2.3%), websites (676 times, 2.1%), PreAVOID reports (663 times, 2.1%), pharmaceutical safety information (525 times, 1.7%), information regarding off-label drug use (409 times, 1.3%), and bibliographic information and guidelines (323 times, 1.0%). Among the users (62 pharmacists), 59.7% accessed the system only via a personal computer (PC), 38.7% via a PC and smart device (smartphone or tablet),and 1.6% via only a smart device. The median number of accesses to this system was significantly higher in pharmacists in charge of wards (190 [9-1,435]) or drug information (3,750 [2,957-5,548]) than dispensing pharmacists (68.5 [3-193]) (p＜0.001).Conclusion: This system allowed the central management and sharing of various drug information on the web, permitting access regardless of device type. Since this system was frequently used by pharmacists in charge of wards or drug information, this system was considered particularly useful in hospital pharmacist ward services and drug information services.
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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the knowledge, attitude and practice of hospital pharmacists on the safety of patients with anti-tumor drugs discharged from hospitals, explore possible risk factors, and provide reference for targeted guidance and rational medication of tumor patients discharged. METHODS From March 15, 2019 to May 31, 2019, pharmacists at hospitals in 31 provinces (cities) in China conducted a questionnaire survey on the safety of patients with anti-tumor drugs discharged from hospitals. RESULTS: The average score of pharmacists′ knowledges of anti-tumor drugs was 46.7, equivalent to 51.8% of the total score. Most pharmacists (74.5%) are aware of the risks of discharge of antineoplastic agents and are willing (93.9%) to provide medication guidance for cancer patients. However, the pharmacists′ guidance for patients with cancer on the discharge was mostly limited to oral presentation (62.1%), and the accessibility of pharmacists to cancer patients after discharge was generally low (55.6%). CONCLUSION: Drug safety participants pay insufficient attention to the safety risks of patients with anticancer drugs discharged, and hospital pharmacists′ knowledge reserve of anti-tumor drugs has shortcomings, there is no perfect system of medication education for discharged patients, which are all risk factors threatening the safety of medication for cancer patients after discharge. Serious efforts should be made to find solutions to continuously improve the safety of patients with anticancer drugs discharged from hospitals.
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Since the introduction of hospital pharmacy residency programs in 1983, hospital pharmacists in South Korea have been expected to expand their roles. However, their services and the outcomes have not been fully understood. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of Korean hospital pharmacist-provided interventions with regard to intervention type, intervention consequences, and target patient groups. METHODS: A literature search of the following databases was performed: Embase, PubMed, Medline, KoreaMed, RISS, KMbase, KISS, NDSL, and KISTI. The search words were “hospital pharmacist”, “clinical pharmacist”, and “Korea”. Articles reporting clinical or economic outcome measures that resulted from hospital pharmacist interventions were considered. Numeric measures for the acceptance rate of pharmacist recommendations were subjected to meta-analysis. RESULTS: Of the 1,683 articles searched, 44 met the inclusion selection criteria. Most articles were published after 2000 (81.8%) and focused on clinical outcomes. Economic outcomes had been published since 2011. The interventions were classified as patient education, multidisciplinary team work, medication assessment, and guideline development. The outcome measures were physicians’ prescription changes, clinical outcomes, patient adherence, economic outcomes, and quality of life. The acceptance rate was 80.5% (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Studies on pharmacist interventions have increased and showed increased patient health benefits and reduced medical costs at Korean hospital sites. Because pharmacists' professional competency would be recognized if the economic outcomes of their work were confirmed and justified, studies on their clinical performance should also include their economic impact.
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Humans , Insurance Benefits , Korea , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Patient Compliance , Patient Education as Topic , Patient Selection , Pharmacists , Pharmacy Residencies , Prescriptions , Quality of LifeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study was to investigate and develop a training program that integrated and strengthened clinical competence and capacity of hospital pharmacists which would be implemented at the pharmacy department of Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital. METHODS: We assessed the training programs of hospital pharmacists in the United Kingdom, the United States and Japan and compared those of major hospitals in Seoul and Gyeonggi provinces in Korea. The survey assessed the satisfaction on the current educational programs for pharmacists at Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital and a newly designed education program was suggested. RESULTS: The major differences of the programs among the Korean hospitals and Mokdong Hospital were the training period and contents of the entry-level pharmacist education program. The overall satisfaction of the training program was >3 points on 5-Likert scale in the survey. There was no significant difference of the satisfaction level based on the employment period of pharmacists. The pharmacists were in more than 7 training programs of clinical support work. We proposed the clinical support training for the new pharmacists to be separated from orientation and concentrated on actual work duty. In order to improve the competency, it was encouraged to participate the in-house seminar or certify the related fields provided by Korean Society of Health-system Pharmacists. CONCLUSION: The education program was assessed among different countries and hospitals of Korea. We suggested to update education program in the hospital to enhance pharmacists' competency.
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Female , Humans , Clinical Competence , Education , Employment , United Kingdom , Japan , Korea , Mental Competency , Pharmacists , Pharmacy , Seoul , United StatesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the situation and influential factors of hospital pharmacist career planning and career satisfaction and their relationship. METHODS:The questionnaire modified according to"general career planning and career satisfaction scale"was adopted for questionnaire survey among pharmacists in 5 third grade class A hospitals by simple random sampling. The factor analysis was used to test the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. The influential factors of career planning and satisfaction degree,the relationship of career planning with satisfaction degree were analyzed by multiple regression analysis and Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS:Totally 210 questionnaires were sent out and 198 were effectively received,with effective recovery of 94.28%. Cronbach'α value of reliability and validity test was 0.939(>0.6),and KMO value was 0.905(close to 1). Results of survey showed that there was statistical significance in the effects of gender,age,marital status, work experience,professional title and position on career planning(P<0.05). There was statistical significance in the effects of age and professional title on satisfaction degree(P<0.05). Different dimensions of career planning(self-assessment,career awareness and action,position questions)were positively correlated with career satisfaction degree(total correlation coefficients were 0.649,0.633,0.694). CONCLUSIONS:Career planning is mainly influenced by gender,age,marital status,work experience,professional title and position. Career satisfaction degree is greatly influenced by age and position.The better the career planning is,the higher the satisfaction is. It is suggested to conduct professional training of hospital pharmacists by referring to the theory and experience of management,help pharmacists to fully understand the job responsibilities and do a good job in the position of professional roles. The establishment of scientific and effective career planning management system improves self-management ability of hospital pharmacists and career satisfaction degree,and promotes the development of discipline.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the better development of intemet pharmaceutical service of hospital pharmacists.METHODS:The questionnaire investigation was carried out on the cognition of pharmacists to intemet pharmaceutical service in 9 third grade class A hospitals.The survey data were analyzed statistically.RESULTS:A total of 600 questionnaires were distributed and 527 questionnaires were collected with recovery rate of 87.8％.Among them,there were 499 valid questionnaires with effective rate of 94.7％.The most selected internet pharmaceutical service contents were medication consultation (94.4％) and medication education (91.6％).93.0％ considered that intemet pharmaceutical service were worthy or very worthy of promotion.The most concerned issues about intemet pharmaceutical service were technical problems (58.5％) and legal liability (55.9％).57.1％ of the surveyed pharmacists considered that they were totally or possibly capable of performing interact pharmaceutical care;37.9％ didn' t get in touch with intemet pharmaceutical care and were not clear about it.The most important qualifications of pharmacists who provided intemet pharmaceutical service were rank of pharmacist's title (67.9％) and working experience (67.7％).It was considered that the most effective measures to ensure the quality of intemet pharmaceutical care were regular pharmaceutical service training (74.3％) and proportionally sampling the quality of pharmaceutical service consultation (67.5％).CONCLUSIONS:Internet pharmaceutical service may become a new direction of the development of pharmaceutical service under new medical reform.The development of intemet pharmaceutical service requires perfect laws and regulations,and pharmacist team with high professional level.
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The pharmaceutical microbiological examination in medical institutions is an important method to ensure the safety of preparations.It is of great significance to popularize the techniques of drug microbiological examination in primary medical institutions.This article started with the purpose, plan and training contents of the microbiological examination training program, which combined with theory teaching and practical operation, two-phase practical teaching, group teaching and collective teaching and guided students to design and plan experiments to carry out the teaching work,and then explored the ways and improving measures of the pharmaceutical microbiological examination training for hospital pharmacists, which could provide reference for the training and teaching of hospital pharmaceutical microbiological examination.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for further promoting the clinical application of chronopharmacology and rational drug use.METHODS:The self-designed questionnairea was used to conduct on-site investigation among participants from 40 hospitals in Anhui province by dint of a meeting.The survey data were analyzed statistically.RESULTS:Totally 170 questionnaires were distributed,and 166 were retrieved,the total response rate was 97.65％.93.37％ of the interviewed pharmacists were aware of the circadian rhythms,and 87.35％ were aware of the circadian rhythms of more than two kinds;interviewed pharmacists expressed better awareness of indicators like gastric acid secretion (75.30％),blood pressure (67.47％) and growth hormone (66.87％) etc.while their awareness of other diseases like anaphylactic rhinitis (66.87％),gastric ulcer (50.60％) and migraine (50.00％) remained to improve.All the interviewed pharmacists recognized the better therapeutic efficacy (84.34％) and lower side effect (81.33％) of chronopharmacology-referred medication;chronopharmacology characteristics of glucocorticoid drugs were best known (34.34％),followed by antihypertensive drugs (25.30％).CONCLUSIONS:Pharmacists in Anhui province have certain knowledge of chronopharmacology such as biological rhythms,biological process or indicators,biological rhythms of disease and advantage of chronopharmacology-referred medication.It indicates that there has been a foundation for popularizing the concept of chronopharmacology in clinical medication in China;but not often contacted physiological processes or indexes,the understanding of biological rhythm of uncommon diseases are still insufficient,and the understanding of chronopharmacology characteristics of various drugs are far from ideal.
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Combined with the development of modem hospital pharmacy,in light of the present condition of the continuing education for the hospital pharmacists,based on the continuing education mode and method of the affiliated provincial hospital of Anhui medical university pharmacists,from the establishment of continuing education's goal and mode,the construction of hierarchical continuing education system,and education content integration aspects,this paper expounds the role and influence of the pharmacist professional skill contest.Through pharmacist professional skill contest,pharmacist can test and evaluate the hospital pharmacist professional ability,gradually improve pharmaceutical service level and quality of pharmacists.By introducing the pharmacist professional skill contest,pharmacist can not only timely adjust the continuing education's plan and ways,better coordinate with the development of hospital pharmacists,but also provide important technical support and talent reserves for the pharmacist professional skill contest.
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Objective:To preliminarily discuss the career management of hospital pharmacists from the perspectives of human re-source management and psychology to provide reference for the human resource management of pharmacy department. Methods: The current situation of career management of hospital pharmacists was analyzed based on the theory of Zone of Proximal Development in de-velopmental psychology, and some concepts and measures for the career management of hospital pharmacists were proposed. Results:The managers of pharmacy department must set up dynamic developing view of their employees, establish individualized management concept, transform their role in human resource management and promote the capability of career management. Measures, such as work shift and determined posts, career guidance, potential discovery, opening up promotion ways and self-management of personal career, could be adopted to develop a scientific and effective system of career management. Conclusion:It is suggested that modern manage-ment theories be utilized in the career management of hospital pharmacists, which may help achieve the joint development of department and individuals.
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Objective To investigate the current situation of pharmaceutial research and influencing factors in primary hospitals located in Hangzhou Fuyang county.Methods A designed questionnaire was used collecting information from the pharmacists of six Fuyang city medical institutes.Results Among 156 valid questionnaires 54 (34.62％) pharmacists showed their interest in pharmaceutial research,however only 4 of them had the opportunity to participate or host such project.The top reason of interesting in research was that it would help in their job promotion and enhance their own value.We found that most of pharmacists thought that it is very difficulties to conduct research and it is not necessary to do so.The educational background was found to related with research interest with a statistical significance (P＜0.001);and the difference in accomplishment was statistically significant among pharmacists (P＜0.05).Conclusions Current status of research in primary hospital pharmacists is worrysome.The hospital administrators need to pay great attention to medical research,make efforts to develop and provide the excellent policy and technological platform to enhance the research activities of pharmacists.
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To cultivate more excellent pharmacists, ensuring patients rational drug use, standardiza-tion training of hospital pharmacists in Beijing has been carried out since 2000, and the wonderful effect has been achieved. The teaching methods mainly include centralized training model, small lectures, practice teaching and self-study. The training teaching content mainly includes prescription audit, drug dispensing and management as well as the pharmaceutical care. In this paper, based on the analysis of the status quo, it is recommended that detailed training formulate, teaching methods and content of the second stage of the training about the training management policy, and the clinicians teaching should be added to the contents of teaching. The thought moral qualities, laws and regula tions, as well as academic and research training should also be added to the teaching content.
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Objective:To know the situation of continuing education for the hospital pharmacists in partial medical institutions of Guizhou province. Methods:An acquired questionnaire was designed and the investigation on partial hospital pharmacists in 91 medi-cal institutions was obtained, the times of participating in different medical conferences and continuing education programs in a year were recorded, and the interested continuing education programs were analyzed. Results:Totally 121 copies of questionnaires showed that 85. 95% hospital pharmacists had less than 5 times of participating in different kinds of medical conferences in a year, and less than 5 continuing education programs were held in 76. 03% medical institutions. The continuing education programs pharmacists inter-ested in were clinical pharmacy, clinical pharmacist training, pharmaceutical affairs management, basic knowledge, technology and practice training, and at the same time, 60 copies of questionnaire showed that there was a clinical pharmacist training plan in their hospital. Conclusion:The level of continuing education for the hospital pharmacists in Guizhou province is still low, and further edu-cation chances for the pharmacists are lacking. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the continuing education chances for the hospital pharmacists in Guizhou province and enhance the education level in order to improve the level of pharmaceutical care.
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The aim of the research was to explore post-registration training opportunities for NHS hospital pharmacists which contributes to promote structural reform of the professional development and lifelong learning for Korean hospital pharmacists. In UK, all pharmacists are required to complete at least 9 Continuing Professional Development (CPD) entries per each year to maintain their professional registration. Types of accredited postgraduate qualification (part-time) in Pharmacy Practice available for hospital pharmacists are Postgraduate Certificate (PgCert, year 1), Postgraduate Diploma (PgDip, year 2), Master of Science (MSc year 3), and Professional Doctorate in Pharmacy programme (DPharm, 4-5 years or more). Clinical pharmacy diploma is more likely to become a minimum qualification in order to progress whilst working for the NHS. Pharmacy independent prescribers are allowed to prescribe all medications except cocaine, dipipanone, and diamorphine for the purpose of treating addiction within their competencies. NHS pharmacists are also classified by band point system depending on their practical/clinical knowledge and skills which starting from band 5 (Pre-registration pharmacist) up to band 9. Various learning and development options are also offered including teaching sessions, conferences and local forums.